Turkey is making waves in naval warfare with an ambitious submarine modernization program that blends cutting-edge technology with a bold strategic vision. From stealthy Air-Independent Propulsion (AIP) submarines to the long-term goal of nuclear-powered vessels, Turkey is positioning itself as a rising maritime power. This transformation strengthens its influence in the Eastern Mediterranean, Aegean, and Black Seas while setting the stage for global reach. Let’s dive into how Turkey is reshaping its underwater arsenal and what it means for the region and beyond.
Reis-Class Submarines: Stealth and Strength
At the heart of Turkey’s naval upgrade is the Reis-class submarine program, a domestically built fleet based on Germany’s Type 214TN design. These submarines are a game-changer for Turkey’s underwater capabilities, offering advanced stealth and extended underwater endurance. The first of the class, TCG Piri Reis, joined the fleet in August 2024, followed by TCG Hızır Reis. On May 29, 2025, Turkey launched its third, TCG Murat Reis (S-332), marking steady progress toward a six-submarine fleet by 2028.
These 2,050-ton submarines can dive beyond 400 meters and stay submerged for weeks thanks to AIP technology, making them ideal for covert missions like surveillance and strategic strikes. Armed with eight 533mm torpedo tubes, they deploy Turkey’s homegrown AKYA torpedoes and Harpoon missiles, with plans to integrate the ATMACA anti-ship missile and GEZGİN cruise missile for long-range strikes. Local defense firms like Aselsan and STM are equipping these vessels with indigenous sonar, navigation, and electronic warfare systems, boosting Turkey’s self-reliance in defense tech.
NÜKDEN: Dreaming of Nuclear Submarines
Turkey’s naval ambitions don’t stop at conventional submarines. At the Naval Systems Seminar in May 2025, Turkey announced the NÜKDEN project, a bold plan to develop nuclear-powered submarines. If successful, Turkey would join a select group of nations with nuclear submarine capabilities, including the U.S., China, and Russia. Unlike AIP submarines, nuclear-powered vessels offer unlimited underwater endurance and global operational range, perfect for strategic deterrence and long-range missions.
The road to NÜKDEN is steep. Developing a compact nuclear reactor, training a skilled workforce, and meeting international non-proliferation standards are massive hurdles. Yet, Turkey’s commitment to building domestic expertise and adhering to global regulations signals a long-term vision that could redefine its maritime role by the 2040s.
Building a Self-Sufficient Defense Industry
Turkey’s submarine program is as much about independence as it is about power. The Reis-class submarines are increasingly fitted with locally produced components, reducing reliance on foreign suppliers. Partnerships with global players like Germany’s ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems provide expertise, but Turkey is also exploring ties with Spain’s Navantia to diversify its technological base. These collaborations enhance Turkey’s bargaining power and support its goal of a self-sufficient defense ecosystem.
The MILDEN program, Turkey’s fully indigenous conventional submarine design, is another step toward autonomy. Expected to yield prototypes in the 2030s, MILDEN will showcase Turkey’s ability to design and build submarines from scratch, cementing its status as a defense innovator.
Strategic Impact: Regional Dominance, Global Reach
Turkey’s growing submarine fleet is reshaping the balance of power in its surrounding waters. The Reis-class submarines’ stealth and endurance make them perfect for anti-access/area denial (A2/AD) strategies, protecting Turkey’s energy exploration and maritime borders in the Eastern Mediterranean and beyond.
On the global stage, Turkey is expanding its defense footprint through partnerships. Its collaboration with Pakistan on submarine upgrades and corvette deliveries highlights its growing role as a trusted defense partner. These ties not only boost Turkey’s influence but also strengthen strategic alliances with key allies.
A Mixed Fleet for the Future
By the 2030s, Turkey plans to operate a diverse submarine fleet: 12 legacy submarines (Ay, Preveze, and Gür classes), six Reis-class AIP submarines, and eventually nuclear-powered submarines under NÜKDEN. The MILDEN program will add fully indigenous designs, creating a versatile force capable of both regional control and global projection. This fleet will enhance Turkey’s contributions to NATO and solidify its maritime independence.
Conclusion: A Naval Powerhouse in the Making
Turkey’s submarine modernization is a bold leap toward maritime dominance. The Reis-class submarines deliver immediate strength, while NÜKDEN and MILDEN signal a future of global influence. By blending local innovation with strategic partnerships, Turkey is not just upgrading its navy, it’s redefining its role on the world stage. As its underwater fleet grows, so does its ability to shape the geopolitical currents of the 21st century.
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